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Factor analysis, in which both latent (unobserved) and manifest (observed) variables are continuous, is perhaps the best known.

In latent profile analysis the latent variable (e.g. consumer segments) is categorical and the manifest variables (e.g. responses to rating scales) are continuous.

Latent trait models (e.g. item response theory) are characterized by continuous latent variables and categorical manifest variables (e.g. correct or incorrect answers to test items).

In latent class analysis both latent and observed variables are categorical.

There are also hybrid models which include both continuous and categorical latent and manifest variables.

In some models there is a distinction between dependent and independent variables. Censored, truncated and count variables can also be accommodated.

Any of these models can be multilevel (hierarchical) or longitudinal and can incorporate exogenous variables (covariates).

This popular book is focused on latent class analysis and its longitudinal extension, latent transition analysis. It is well written and covers theoretical and technical issues as well as application.

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/12bmhby6b&hl=en-JP&kgs=a09137cca2d41ecf&q=Latent+Class+and+Latent+Transition+Analysis:+With+Applications+in+the+Social,+Behavioral,+and+Health+Sciences&shndl=0&source=sh/x/kp/osrp&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/osrp

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Factor analysis, in which both latent (unobserved) and manifest (observed) variables are continuous, is perhaps the best known.

In latent profile analysis the latent variable (e.g. consumer segments) is categorical and the manifest variables (e.g. responses to rating scales) are continuous.

Latent trait models (e.g. item response theory) are characterized by continuous latent variables and categorical manifest variables (e.g. correct or incorrect answers to test items).

In latent class analysis both latent and observed variables are categorical.

There are also hybrid models which include both continuous and categorical latent and manifest variables.

In some models there is a distinction between dependent and independent variables. Censored, truncated and count variables can also be accommodated.

Any of these models can be multilevel (hierarchical) or longitudinal and can incorporate exogenous variables (covariates).

This popular book is focused on latent class analysis and its longitudinal extension, latent transition analysis. It is well written and covers theoretical and technical issues as well as application.

https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/12bmhby6b&hl=en-JP&kgs=a09137cca2d41ecf&q=Latent+Class+and+Latent+Transition+Analysis:+With+Applications+in+the+Social,+Behavioral,+and+Health+Sciences&shndl=0&source=sh/x/kp/osrp&entrypoint=sh/x/kp/osrp

❇️ @AI_Python_EN

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Mr. Durov launched Telegram in late 2013 with his brother, Nikolai, just months before he was pushed out of VK, the Russian social-media platform he founded. Mr. Durov pitched his new app—funded with the proceeds from the VK sale—less as a business than as a way for people to send messages while avoiding government surveillance and censorship.

How Does Bitcoin Work?

Bitcoin is built on a distributed digital record called a blockchain. As the name implies, blockchain is a linked body of data, made up of units called blocks that contain information about each and every transaction, including date and time, total value, buyer and seller, and a unique identifying code for each exchange. Entries are strung together in chronological order, creating a digital chain of blocks. “Once a block is added to the blockchain, it becomes accessible to anyone who wishes to view it, acting as a public ledger of cryptocurrency transactions,” says Stacey Harris, consultant for Pelicoin, a network of cryptocurrency ATMs. Blockchain is decentralized, which means it’s not controlled by any one organization. “It’s like a Google Doc that anyone can work on,” says Buchi Okoro, CEO and co-founder of African cryptocurrency exchange Quidax. “Nobody owns it, but anyone who has a link can contribute to it. And as different people update it, your copy also gets updated.”

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